pH, the negative log of H+ ion concentration is an
important factor in most of the biological reactions. The change in pH value
can be resisted by adding suitable buffers to the reaction mixture.
A buffer solution is one that resist pH changes caused by addition of acid or alkali. Such solutions are used in many
biochemical experiments where pH needs to be accurately controlled. A buffer
system consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base.
In a buffer system, when the concentration of proton donor and its
conjugate proton acceptor is equal, the addition of even small amount of acid
or alkali does not make any detectable change in the pH. This point at which
there is no net charge is called as isoelectric point. The pH at isoelectric
point is equal to pKa.
Henderson Haselbach equation
pH = pKa + log [A-]
[HA]
Acetate buffer consists of mixture of acetic acid and sodium
acetate
[CH3COO¯ ]
pH = pKa + log _______________
[CH3COOH]
At isoelectric point [CH3COO¯] = [CH3COOH] hence, pH = pKa
Buffer capacity is the ability of a buffer solution to resist the change
in pH when adding acid or alkali. Buffers with higher concentrations show
higher buffering capacity.
Common laboratory buffers are
Phosphate buffer
Citrate Buffer
Acetate Buffer
Carbonate- Bicarbonate Buffer
Tris buffer (tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane)
HEPEs buffer
(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethane sulfonic acid)
Things to be taken care of while
preparing Buffers
- Use analytical grade of
chemicals
- Dissolve the chemicals
in higher quantity of distilled water
- It is better to prepare
concentrated stocks of buffer solutions in order to save time and space.
These concentrated stocks will last for a long period of time and can be
easily diluted for use. These stocks are commonly labeled as 10X, 5X, 100X
etc. X-factor indicates that the solution is concentrated and must be
diluted usually with water to 1X concentration for use. eg., A 100X
concentrated solution should be diluted to 100 fold.
- Sterilize the solution
wherever possible by autoclaving. If autoclaving is not possible,
filtration through 0.2um filter is to be done
- Calibrate the pH meter using
standard buffer solutions
- Always label the
prepared buffer bottle with the name of the solution, percentage
concentration and date of preparation
- The highly basic solutions
such as 1M sodium hydroxide should be taken in glass containers
- Store the buffer in refrigerator
- PREPARATION
OF ACETATE BUFFER
Aim
To prepare 0.1M acetate buffer of pH 4.
Procedure
Stock solution A : 0.2M solution of acetic acid
Stock solution B : 0.2M solution of sodium acetate
Mixed 41 ml of A and 9ml of B and diluted to a
total of 100ml using distilled water.
Measured pH using pH meter.
A (ml) |
B (ml) |
pH |
46.3 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
44 |
6 |
3.8 |
41 |
9 |
4 |
36.8 |
13.2 |
4.2 |
30.5 |
19.5 |
4.4 |
25.5 |
24.5 |
4.6 |
20 |
30 |
4.8 |
14.8 |
35.2 |
5 |
10.5 |
39.2 |
5.2 |
8.8 |
41.2 |
5.4 |
4.8 |
45.2 |
5.6 |
Result
0.1 molar acetate buffer of pH 4 was prepared and
confirmed by measuring pH using pH meter.
2. Preparation
of Carbonate-Bicarbonate Buffer
Aim: To
prepare 0.1 M carbonate- bicarbonate buffer of pH 10.1
Procedure
Carbonate-Bicarbonate
buffer has a pH range of 9.1–10.6 at 37oC. To
obtain a buffer of respective pH, mix A (sodium carbonate) and B (sodium
acetate) in the proportions indicated below and adjust the final volume to 200
ml using distilled water. The pH can be checked using a sensitive pH meter.
Stock solution A : 0.2M solution of anhydrous sodium
carbonate
Stock solution B : 0.2M solution of sodium bicarbonate
Mix 27.5 ml of A and 22.5ml of B and diluted to a
total of 100ml using distilled water to
obtain 0.1 M carbonate and bicarbonate buffer of pH 10.1. Measured pH using pH meter.
A (ml) |
B (ml) |
pH |
4 |
46 |
9.2 |
9.5 |
40.5 |
9.4 |
16 |
34 |
9.6 |
22 |
28 |
9.8 |
27.5 |
22.5 |
10 |
33 |
17 |
10.2 |
38.5 |
11 |
10.4 |
42.5 |
7.5 |
10.6 |
Result
0.1 molar carbonate bicarbonate buffer of pH 10 was
prepared and confirmed by measuring pH using pH meter.
3. Preparation of Citrate
Buffer (pH 3.0–6.2)
Aim: To
prepare 0.1 M Citrate buffer of pH 4
Citrate buffer has
a pH range of 3.0–6.2. To obtain a buffer of respective pH, mix A
(citric acid) and B (trisodium citrate) in the proportions indicated below and
adjusted the final volume to 100 ml using distilled water The pH can be checked
using a sensitive pH meter.
Stock solution A - 0.2
M citric acid monohydrate
Stock solution B - 0.2
M trisodium citrate, dihydrate
Mixed 59 ml of A and 41
ml of B diluted to 200 ml using distilled water to obtain 0.1 M
Citrate buffer of pH 4
Result
The buffer prepared is
0.1 M Citrate buffer with pH 4. It is confirmed using a pH meter.
Solution A (ml) (citric
acid) |
Solution B (ml)
(trisodium citrate) |
pH |
82.0 |
18.0 |
3.0 |
77.5 |
22.5 |
3.2 |
73.0 |
27.0 |
3.4 |
68.5 |
31.5 |
3.6 |
63.5 |
36.5 |
3.8 |
59.0 |
41.0 |
4.0 |
54.0 |
46.0 |
4.2 |
49.5 |
50.5 |
4.4 |
44.5 |
55.5 |
4.6 |
40.0 |
60.0 |
4.8 |
35.0 |
65.0 |
5.0 |
30.5 |
69.5 |
5.2 |
25.5 |
74.5 |
5.4 |
21.0 |
79.0 |
5.6 |
16.0 |
84.0 |
5.8 |
11.5 |
88.5 |
6.0 |
8.0 |
92.0 |
6.2 |
4. Preparation of
Phosphate Buffer
Aim: To
prepare 0.1 M Phosphate buffer of pH 7
Phosphate buffer has
a pH range of pH 5.8–8.0 at 25°C. To obtain a buffer of respective
pH, mix A (sodium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate) and B (sodium phosphate,
monobasic) in the proportions indicated below and adjusted the final volume to
100 ml using distilled water. The pH can be checked using a sensitive pH meter.
Stock solution A - 0.2M
sodium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate
Stock solution B - 0.2M
sodium phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate
Mixed 30.5 ml of A and
19.5 ml of B diluted to 100 ml using distilled water to obtain 0.1
M phosphate buffer of pH 7
Solution A (ml) (sodium
phosphate, dibasic dihydrate) |
Solution B (ml) (sodium
phosphate, monobasic) |
pH |
4.0 |
46.0 |
5.8 |
6.15 |
43.85 |
6.0 |
9.25 |
40.75 |
6.2 |
13.25 |
36.75 |
6.4 |
18.75 |
31.25 |
6.6 |
24.5 |
25.5 |
6.8 |
30.5 |
19.5 |
7.0 |
36 |
14 |
7.2 |
40.5 |
9.5 |
7.4 |
43.5 |
6.5 |
7.6 |
45.75 |
4.25 |
7.8 |
47.35 |
2.65 |
8.0 |
Result
The buffer prepared is
0.1 M Phosphate buffer with pH 7. It is confirmed using a pH meter.
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