Infectious hepatitis- Hepatitis A
· Hepatitis A virus- First documented viral disease spread through water
· By ingesting contaminated food or water-usually in children and young adults
· Incubation period is 15 to 50 days
· A typical viral-type illness with variable fever, followed by Jaundice; enlarged liver, vomiting, abdominal pain
· Virus excreted in faeces and urine during fever phase
· Virus excretion ceases during jaundice phase - patient is no longer infectious.
· After a few days the appetite returns and the jaundice begins to resolve
· Transmission- Faeco-oral route
Control:
· Adequate treatment of sewage and water; viruses more resistant to chlorination- inadequate chlorination leads to outbreaks
· Drinking boiled/safe water and food
Hepatitis E
· Hepatitis E -infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV)- found worldwide
· Transmission fecal-oral route
· Infection is self-limiting and resolves within 2–6 weeks.
· Occasionally a serious disease, known as fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure) develops, can cause death.
· Poor sanitation, ingestion of undercooked meat or meat products derived from infected animals (e.g. pork liver) and rarely, transfusion of infected blood products; vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to her baby.
· Initial phase of mild fever, reduced appetite (anorexia), nausea and vomiting, lasting for a few days; some may also have abdominal pain, itching (without skin lesions), skin rash, or joint pain.
· Jaundice, with dark urine and pale stools
· a slightly enlarged, tender liver (hepatomegaly).
· Pregnant women with hepatitis E, particularly those in the second or third trimester, are at increased risk of acute liver failure, fetal loss and mortality.
· Control
· Maintain hygienic practices;
· Avoiding consumption of water and ice of unknown purity
· A recombinant subunit vaccine registered in China- not yet been approved in other countries
· Hepatitis A virus- First documented viral disease spread through water
· By ingesting contaminated food or water-usually in children and young adults
· Incubation period is 15 to 50 days
· A typical viral-type illness with variable fever, followed by Jaundice; enlarged liver, vomiting, abdominal pain
· Virus excreted in faeces and urine during fever phase
· Virus excretion ceases during jaundice phase - patient is no longer infectious.
· After a few days the appetite returns and the jaundice begins to resolve
· Transmission- Faeco-oral route
Control:
· Adequate treatment of sewage and water; viruses more resistant to chlorination- inadequate chlorination leads to outbreaks
· Drinking boiled/safe water and food
Hepatitis E
· Hepatitis E -infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV)- found worldwide
· Transmission fecal-oral route
· Infection is self-limiting and resolves within 2–6 weeks.
· Occasionally a serious disease, known as fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure) develops, can cause death.
· Poor sanitation, ingestion of undercooked meat or meat products derived from infected animals (e.g. pork liver) and rarely, transfusion of infected blood products; vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to her baby.
· Initial phase of mild fever, reduced appetite (anorexia), nausea and vomiting, lasting for a few days; some may also have abdominal pain, itching (without skin lesions), skin rash, or joint pain.
· Jaundice, with dark urine and pale stools
· a slightly enlarged, tender liver (hepatomegaly).
· Pregnant women with hepatitis E, particularly those in the second or third trimester, are at increased risk of acute liver failure, fetal loss and mortality.
· Control
· Maintain hygienic practices;
· Avoiding consumption of water and ice of unknown purity
· A recombinant subunit vaccine registered in China- not yet been approved in other countries
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